我能做些什么？What can I do?

摘自世卫组织

Taken from WHO

厚生労働省・新型インフルエンザ対策関連情報


怎样才能保护自己免于感染甲型H1N1流感？
新的甲型H1N1流感病毒的主要传播途径似乎与季节性流感相似，讲话、打喷嚏或咳嗽时产生的飞沫即可传播病毒。要防止受到感染，应避免与有流感样症状的人密切接触（尽可能与之保持大约1米的距离），并采取下列措施：

•避免触摸口鼻；
•用肥皂和水彻底清洗双手，或者定期使用含酒精的手擦清结双手（触摸口鼻或接触有可能污染的表面时尤其予以注意）；
•避免密切接触可能生病的人；
•尽量减少在人多的地方逗留的时间；
•开窗通风，增加室内空气流动；
•保持良好的卫生习惯，包括睡眠充足，膳食营养和坚持锻炼。
如何使用口罩？世卫组织的建议是什么？
没有生病就不用戴口罩。

如果是在照顾病人，在与病人密切接触时可戴上口罩，尔后应立即处理口罩，并彻底清洗双手。

使用口罩的建议

如果已经生病，但必须外出旅行或与其他人接触，应掩住口鼻。

在各种情况下正确使用口罩至关重要。使用不当可增加传播感染的机会。

怎样才知道自己患上了甲型H1N1流感？
没有医生的帮助，很难判断季节性流感与甲型H1N1流感有何不同。要注意的典型症状与季节性病毒相似，包括发热、咳嗽、头痛、全身酸痛、喉咙痛和流鼻涕。只有医生和当地卫生部门才能确认甲型H1N1流感病例。

如果认为自己已患上甲型H1N1流感，应该怎么办？
如果你感觉不适，发高烧，咳嗽和（或）喉咙痛：

•尽可能呆在家中，不要上班、上学或去人多的地方。
•休息并大量饮水。
•咳嗽和打喷嚏时用一次性纸巾掩住口鼻，并适当处理用过的纸巾。
•经常和彻底地用肥皂和水清洗双手，特别是在咳嗽或打喷嚏之后。
•将你的病情告诉家人和朋友，并寻求他人帮助来处理需要与其它人接触的家务活，比如采购东西。

我现在是否应该服用抗病毒药物来预防这一新病毒？
不应该。只有在卫生人员建议下，才应服用奥司他韦和扎那米韦等抗病毒药物。个人不应在无医生处方的情况下自行购买药物以预防或对付这一新流感，此外，还应谨慎对待通过因特网购买抗病毒药物。

用抗病毒药物治疗甲型H1N1流感

母乳喂养受影响吗？如果患病，是否应当停止？
不要停止，除非卫生保健提供者建议停止。有关其它流感感染的研究显示，母乳喂养很可能对婴儿有保护作用——可将母亲有益的免疫力传给婴儿，并可减少患呼吸道疾病的危险。母乳喂养为婴儿提供了最佳的全面营养，并可加强抵抗疾病的防御能力。

什么时候应当求医？
如果出现呼吸短促或呼吸困难，或者发热持续三天以上，就应求医。如果幼儿出现呼吸急促或困难、持续发热或惊厥（抽搐），患儿家长就应求医

家中的支持性护理，即休息，多喝水和使用止疼药缓解疼痛，在多数情况下就足以可康复。（因为有出现瑞氏综合征的风险，所以儿童和年轻成人应服用非阿司匹林类止疼药。）

如果患有流感但感觉还好，是否应该去上班？
不应该上班。无论是否患有甲型H1N1流感或季节性流感，都应当呆在家里，不去上班，直到流感症状消失。这是一种预防措施，可保护同事和他人不受感染。

我可以旅行吗？
如果感觉不适或有流感症状，就不应当旅行。如果对自己的健康有任何疑问，应该去卫生保健机构就医。

What can I do to protect myself from catching influenza A(H1N1)?
The main route of transmission of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus seems to be similar to seasonal influenza, via droplets that are expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing. You can prevent getting infected by avoiding close contact with people who show influenza-like symptoms (trying to maintain a distance of about 1 metre if possible) and taking the following measures:

•avoid touching your mouth and nose;
•clean hands thoroughly with soap and water, or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub on a regular basis (especially if touching the mouth and nose, or surfaces that are potentially contaminated);
•avoid close contact with people who might be ill;
•reduce the time spent in crowded settings if possible;
•improve airflow in your living space by opening windows;
•practise good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active.

What about using a mask? What does WHO recommend?If you are not sick you do not have to wear a mask.

If you are caring for a sick person, you can wear a mask when you are in close contact with the ill person and dispose of it immediately after contact, and cleanse your hands thoroughly afterwards.

When and how to use a mask?

If you are sick and must travel or be around others, cover your mouth and nose.

Using a mask correctly in all situations is essential. Incorrect use actually increases the chance of spreading infection.

How do I know if I have influenza A(H1N1)?
You will not be able to tell the difference between seasonal flu and influenza A(H1N1) without medical help. Typical symptoms to watch for are similar to seasonal viruses and include fever, cough, headache, body aches, sore throat and runny nose. Only your medical practitioner and local health authority can confirm a case of influenza A(H1N1).

What should I do if I think I have the illness?
If you feel unwell, have high fever, cough or sore throat:

•stay at home and keep away from work, school or crowds;
•rest and take plenty of fluids;
•cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing and, if using tissues, make sure you dispose of them carefully. Clean your hands immediately after with soap and water or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub;
•if you do not have a tissue close by when you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth as much as possible with the crook of your elbow;
•use a mask to help you contain the spread of droplets when you are around others, but be sure to do so correctly;
•inform family and friends about your illness and try to avoid contact with other people;
•If possible, contact a health professional before traveling to a health facility to discuss whether a medical examination is necessary.
Should I take an antiviral now just in case I catch the new virus?
No. You should only take an antiviral, such as oseltamivir or zanamivir, if your health care provider advises you to do so. Individuals should not buy medicines to prevent or fight this new influenza without a prescription, and they should exercise caution in buying antivirals over the Internet.

Warning on purchase of antivirals without a prescription [pdf 35kb]

What about breastfeeding? Should I stop if I am ill?
No, not unless your health care provider advises it. Studies on other influenza infections show that breastfeeding is most likely protective for babies - it passes on helpful maternal immunities and lowers the risk of respiratory disease. Breastfeeding provides the best overall nutrition for babies and increases their defense factors to fight illness.

When should someone seek medical care?
A person should seek medical care if they experience shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, or if a fever continues more than three days. For parents with a young child who is ill, seek medical care if a child has fast or labored breathing, continuing fever or convulsions (seizures).

Supportive care at home - resting, drinking plenty of fluids and using a pain reliever for aches - is adequate for recovery in most cases. (A non-aspirin pain reliever should be used by children and young adults because of the risk of Reye's syndrome.)

Should I go to work if I have the flu but am feeling OK?
No. Whether you have influenza A(H1N1) or a seasonal influenza, you should stay home and away from work through the duration of your symptoms. This is a precaution that can protect your work colleagues and others.

Can I travel?
If you are feeling unwell or have symptoms of influenza, you should not travel. If you have any doubts about your health, you should check with your health care provider.